Revealing Metaphors of Bahasa Indonesia Used in Hate Speech in Facebook Group Comments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22437/kalistra.v4i1.38029Keywords:
conceptual metafora, facebook group, hate speechAbstract
This study aims to analyze conceptual metaphors used in hate speech in Facebook Group comments. To achieve that objective, qualitative descriptive approach was implemented. The data of this study were taken from the Facebook users’ comments on three Facebook group supporting Indonesian presidential candidates who will compete in the 2024 election. The Facebook group was Debat Capres dan Cawapres 2024 which has thousands of members who regularly and actively participate in the forum. To analyze types of conceptual metaphors used in hate speech, the theory conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff & Johnson (1980) was used. According to the theory, conceptual metaphor is classified into three which are structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors. The hate speech discussed in this article is based on the Indonesian Police Circular Letter Number SE/06/X/2015 on the handling of hate speech. The results showed 16 data were classified as structural metaphors and 1 datum was ontological metaphor. None of the data found in this study was classified as orientational metaphor. Of 17 data, 13 of them were classified as insult. 1 datum was spreading hoaxes and 2 data were defamation. The results concluded that the use of conceptual metaphors to express hate speech on Facebook group comments were not significant.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis metafora konseptual yang digunakan dalam ujaran kebencian pada komentar Grup Facebook. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif diterapkan. Data penelitian ini diambil dari komentar pengguna Facebook pada tiga grup Facebook pendukung calon presiden Indonesia yang akan bertarung di pemilihan umum 2024. Grup Facebook tersebut adalah Debat Capres dan Cawapres 2024 yang memiliki ribuan anggota yang secara rutin dan aktif berpartisipasi dalam forum tersebut. Untuk menganalisis jenis metafora konseptual yang digunakan dalam ujaran kebencian, digunakan teori metafora konseptual yang dikemukakan oleh Lakoff & Johnson (1980). Menurut teori tersebut, metafora konseptual diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga yaitu metafora struktural, metafora orientasional, dan metafora ontologis. Ujaran kebencian yang dibahas dalam artikel ini didasarkan pada Surat Edaran Kepolisian Republik Indonesia Nomor SE/06/X/2015 tentang penanganan ujaran kebencian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 16 data diklasifikasikan sebagai metafora struktural dan 1 data merupakan metafora ontologis. Tidak ada satu pun data yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini yang diklasifikasikan sebagai metafora orientasional. Dari 17 data, 13 di antaranya diklasifikasikan sebagai penghinaan. 1 data adalah penyebaran berita bohong dan 2 data adalah pencemaran nama baik. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa penggunaan metafora konseptual untuk mengekspresikan ujaran kebencian pada komentar grup Facebook tidak signifikan.
Downloads
References
Afria, R., Fardinal, F., Fatrizal, F., & Maharja, S. (2024). The Forms of Hate Speech in Twitter Comment Columns. Proceeding International Conference on Malay Identity, 307–314. Retrieved from https://www.conference.unja.ac.id/ICMI/article/view/352
Classe, O. (2000). Encyclopedia of literary translation into English. Fitzroy Dearborn Publisher.
Fithry, A. (2020). Pengaruh ujaran kebencian terhadap elektabilitas pasangan calon presiden 2019. Jurnal Jendela Hukum, 7(2), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.24929/fh.v7i2.1069
Grossoehme, D.G. (2014). Overview of qualitative research. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 20 (3), 109-122.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2014.925660
Hadiati, C. (2011). A morphological analysis of English compound words in Tolstoy’s God Sees the Truth, but Waits. LENSA, 1(2), 112-122. https://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/lensa/article/view/182
Hawkes, T. (2018). Metaphor the critical idiom reissued. Routledge.
Hutri, K., & Mulyadi. (2020). Ujaran kebencian bahasa Minangkabau pada Facebook: Kajian metafora konseptual. LINGUA, 16(20), 147-154.
https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/lingua/article/view/18204/12177
Kaufman, A.S., & Nadeen, L.K. (2005). Essentials of research design and methodology. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International Publishers.
Mawarti, S. (2018). Fenomena hate speech dampak ujaran kebencian. TOLERANSI: Media Komunikasi Umat Beragama, 10(1): 83-95.
https://ejournal.uin-suska.ac.id/index.php/toleransi/article/view/5722
Mursyidin, et.al. (2022). The metaphor of Aceh language on Instagram social media: Potential and threats of hate speech in the public space. RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 15(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.26858/retorika.v15i1.23694
Nufian & Weda, W. (2018). Teori dan praktis: Riset komunikasi pemasaran terpadu. UB Press.
Lakoff, G &Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. The University of Chicago Press.
Latief, M.I. (2019). Efek post truth pada partisipasi pemilih pemilu 2019. KAREBA: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 8(2), 275-288.
https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/kareba/article/view/9856
Pitcher, R. (2013). Using metaphor analysis: MIP and beyond. Qualitative Report, 18(34), 1-8.
https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1476&context=tqr
Sadat, A, et all (2022). Analisis sentiment media sosial: Hate speech kepada pemerintah di Twitter. PRAJA, 10(1), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.55678/prj.v10i1.584
Soesilo, R. (1995). Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP): Serta komentar- komentarnya lengkap pasal demi pasal. Politeia.
Sugiyono. (2017). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Suryana. (2010). Metodologi penelitian: model praktis penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Swandewi, et all (2021). Metaphor used in the news items of economy and business segments in The Jakarta Globe news portal. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Sains dan Humaniora, 5(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.23887/jppsh.v5i3.38434
Usman, A & Abdullahi, S.A. (2021). An analysis of hate speeches as a cultural metaphor of stereotypes in Facebook status update. YaJAMSS, 1(1), 20-31. https://yajamss.com.ng/index.php/yajamss/article/view/27
Wulandari, F. E. (2017). Hate speech dalam pandangan UU ITE dan fatwa MUI. Ahkam, 5(2): 251-270. https://doi.org/10.21274/ahkam.2017.5.2.251-271
Zulkarnain. (2020). Ujaran kebencian (hate speech) di masyarakat dalam kajian Teologi. Jurnal Studia Sosia Religia, 3(1): 70-82.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Bambang Irawan, Mia Perlina
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Kalistra: Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish their manuscripts in Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra agree to the following terms:
1. The copyright in each article belongs to the author.
2. The author acknowledges that Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra reserves the right to be the first to publish under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (Attribution 4.0 International CC BY-SA 4.0).
3. Authors may submit articles separately, arranging for non-exclusive distribution of manuscripts that have been published in this journal to other versions (e.g., delivery to the author's institutional repository, publication into a book, etc.), acknowledging that the manuscript has been first published in Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra.
