Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Karbon Aktif dari Ampas Kelapa melalui Aktivasi Fisika-Kimia serta Potensinya untuk Pemurnian Biogas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22437/chp.v10i1.48610Kata Kunci:
Activated carbon, biogas, coconut pulp, CO2 and H2S adsorption, physicochemical activationAbstrak
Meningkatnya permintaan global terhadap energi terbarukan dan kebutuhan mendesak untuk menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca menegaskan pentingnya pengembangan teknologi berkelanjutan untuk peningkatan kualitas biogas. Ampas kelapa, limbah agroindustri yang melimpah dan kaya akan selulosa, hemiselulosa, serta lignin, menawarkan potensi sebagai prekursor pembuatan karbon aktif sekaligus menjadi solusi atas permasalahan limbah pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis dan mengarakterisasi karbon aktif berbasis ampas kelapa melalui proses aktivasi fisika–kimia terpadu serta mengevaluasi potensi teoritisnya dalam adsorpsi CO₂ dan H₂S pada proses pemurnian biogas. Preparasi meliputi proses karbonisasi pada suhu 400 °C, diikuti aktivasi kimia bertahap menggunakan larutan H₃PO₄ 3 N dan KOH 3 N, kemudian aktivasi fisika pada suhu 600 °C dalam kondisi semi-tertutup. Analisis proksimat menunjukkan kadar air sebesar 4,665%, kadar abu 0,637%, dan rendemen akhir 12,38%, seluruhnya berada dalam batas standar nasional Indonesia (SNI 06-3730-1995) kecuali kadar zat volatil yang tetap tinggi akibat sifat lignoselulosa ampas kelapa yang lunak. Analisis luas permukaan BET memperlihatkan luas permukaan spesifik 345,57 m² g⁻¹, volume total pori 0,1595 cc g⁻¹, dan kontribusi mikropori dominan sebesar 282,80 m² g⁻¹ yang menunjukkan potensi kuat untuk adsorpsi molekul berukuran kecil. Nilai bilangan iodin sebesar 161,973 mg g⁻¹ mengonfirmasi dominasi mikropori. Spektrum FTIR memperlihatkan penurunan gugus –OH dan C=O serta munculnya pita baru di sekitar 900 cm⁻¹ (=C–H aromatik) yang menandakan pembentukan domain aromatik yang stabil. Citra SEM–EDX mengungkap jaringan pori hierarkis (makro–meso–mikro) dengan distribusi seragam, kemurnian karbon tinggi (96,65%), dan residu mineral yang minimal. Karakteristik struktur dan kimia ini menunjukkan interaksi adsorpsi yang lebih baik terhadap gas asam (H₂S) maupun non-polar (CO₂) melalui mekanisme fisisorpsi. Dibandingkan dengan metode aktivasi tunggal, strategi aktivasi ganda kimia–fisika menghasilkan luas permukaan, konektivitas pori, dan kemurnian karbon yang lebih unggul, sehingga merepresentasikan pendekatan baru dalam pengembangan adsorben berbasis biomassa. Secara keseluruhan, karbon aktif berbasis ampas kelapa yang disintesis melalui aktivasi fisika–kimia terpadu menunjukkan sifat fisikokimia yang mendukung efisiensi penghilangan CO₂ dan H₂S, sehingga berpotensi diaplikasikan sebagai adsorben berkelanjutan dan berbiaya rendah untuk peningkatan kualitas biogas. Penelitian lanjutan disarankan mencakup uji adsorpsi dinamis pada kondisi biogas nyata untuk memvalidasi prediksi teoritis serta mengoptimalkan parameter aktivasi guna penerapan skala besar.
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