Examining growth centers and agricultural base commodities to enhance regional development in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi Province

Determining growth centers and agricultural base commodities is essential for optimizing economic development and achieving economic equality in the Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency area. This study aimed to identify sub-districts that could become growth centers, establish agricultural commodities based in each Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency sub-district, and examine interactions between growth centers and surrounding areas. Three methods employed in this research include Scalogram analysis, Centrality Index, Location Quotient, and Dynamic Location Quotient. Based on the Scalogram analysis and Centrality Index results for the 13 Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency sub-districts, four sub-districts were identified as potential growth centers: Tungkal Ilir, Tebing Tinggi, and Merlung. The Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency Government is recommended to establish basic commodity specialization in each sub-district and strengthen inter-regional linkages to accelerate regional economic equity.


INTRODUCTION
Transitions of growth between regions must be mutually beneficial. The development of innovation at the regional level in transition economies are characterized by complex, multidirectional processes for generating and commercializing innovations (Rudskaya et al., 2022;Abosedra et al., 2020;Brueckner & Lederman, 2018). Consequently, production, population, and capital development are directly proportional over time (Iammarino et al., 2019;Chiang, 2018). However, economic growth transitions between regions have not proceeded smoothly. There remains a tendency to focus solely on areas with agglomeration or location advantages, which results in the concentration of human resources in one region and leads to disparities (Nazli et al., 2021;Bucevska, 2019). This concentrated economic activity is expected to impact national economic development activities positively (Sharma, 2020;Sjafrizal, 2017). Furthermore, regional development efforts employing an agglomeration territorial system offer a solution to concentrate activities in economically potential areas (Pragmadeanti & Rahmawati, 2022).
Economic growth centers represent one method of mobilizing and stimulating development to increase people's income by directing it toward areas with potential (Ardila, 2012). Identifying growth centers is a development approach aimed at achieving a prosperous society. Establishing regional growth centers is beneficial for recognizing each region's potential to determine priority economic sectors in regional development due to budget constraints (Alwi et al., 2023;Amelia & Prabowo, 2022). Economic growth is concentrated in areas with sufficient potential and utility to accelerate economic development. Additionally, growth centers can influence production, distribution, and consumption, thus creating business fields (Jumino, 2019;Zhang et al., 2020;Gan et al., 2021). The role of a region's business field in producing goods and services significantly affects a region's economic structure, including that of Jambi Province (Panzera & Postiglione, 2022;Weng et al., 2022). In 2020, the economic structure of Jambi Province featured four sectors that contributed the most to its GRDP: agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and trade. According to BPS data (2020), these four sectors were distributed across various Regencies/Cities in Jambi Province. For the agricultural sector, Kerinci, Tebo, and Tanjung Jabung Barat Regencies, with plantation and oil palm products, played a role exceeding 50 percent. In contrast, Jambi City and Sungai Full City exhibited the lowest contribution to the agricultural sector due to limited agricultural land, which hindered production.
For the mining sector, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency and Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency play the most significant roles, owing to their abundant oil, gas, and coal production. Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Muaro Jambi Regency, and Jambi City greatly contribute to the manufacturing industry sector. As for the trade sector, the largest contributions come from Jambi City, Sungai Penuh City, and Bungo Regency. Examining the four sectors that contribute the most to GRDP in Jambi Province, it becomes evident that Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency nearly dominates as the largest sector contributor in the province. This observation has piqued the author's interest in further investigating the economy's centralization and the agricultural sector's development in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. This research is supported by a study by Umiyati (2012), which classifies Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency as a rapidly developing and fast-growing area. Upon analyzing the contribution of Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency's regional budget (APBD), it becomes evident that the funds are primarily utilized for public interests rather than the apparatus's interests. Consequently, this enables the achievement of development goals focused on improving people's welfare through increased economic growth (Suhendra et al., 2019). According to BPS (2020), Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency is the largest contributing area to the agricultural, forestry, and fisheries sectors in Jambi Province, with a GRDP value of 11.19 trillion or 30.14%. The increase in production results in the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries business fields is one reason for the heightened role of these business fields. Additionally, most employment opportunities for the people of Tanjung Jabung Barat are in the agricultural sector (Mahdi et al., 2017).
Although Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency is classified as a fast-growing and rapidly developing area and is the largest contributor to GRDP in the processing and mining industry categories, this does not guarantee equitable distribution of regional development. The limited number of growth centers in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency also presents an obstacle to regional development efforts, leading to an uneven economy and a lack of smooth economic growth transfer between regions. In several areas, the poverty rate remains relatively high (Mahdi et al., 2017), thereby causing an imbalance between economic development and economic equity (Tan et al., 2023;Hariyanti & Rendra, 2022). According to Fitrawaty (2020), Indonesia's economic inequality level is relatively similar between provinces and districts/cities.
Considering these factors, an appropriate solution for accelerating and promoting equitable development is the establishment of new growth centers. This approach would allow the government to concentrate more on regional development, expecting these growth centers to encourage progress in underdeveloped regions (Cengiz et al., 2022;Garza & Rodriguez, 2018). Several studies have identified creating new economic growth centers as a viable solution for achieving equity and economic improvement (Karmila & Risma, 2022;Ridwan et al., 2022;Syaputra et al., 2020;Apriana & Rudiarto, 2020;Emalia & Farida, 2018).

METHODS
The research area under consideration is Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. This region faces a significant challenge: despite relatively strong economic growth, development inequality persists, leading to a high poverty rate in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. The research method employed in this study is descriptive quantitative, which involves numeric or numerical systems.
The data collected in this study consists of secondary data from 2016 to 2021. A quantitative descriptive approach is applied to time series data to investigate the cointegration relationship between variables. The data for this research were obtained from various sources, including the Statistics of Jambi Province, the Department of Food Crops of Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, the Department of Plantation and Animal Husbandry of Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, the Department of Maritime and Fisheries Service of Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, the Department of Public Works Service of Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, and the Department of Investment and One-Stop Service Office of Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. The data analysis method used is as follows:

Scalogram analysis and centrality index
Scalogram analysis and Centrality Index aim to identify social, economic, and government facility availability and analyze service center hierarchy and distribution (Zannatun & Wahyudi, 2023). The formula used to determine the number of orders is as follows (Priyadi & Atmadji, 2017): The formula for determining the order number is: Where 'n' is the number of districts. Next, the class interval is determined using the following formula: Where: i: Class/Range Intervals A: The highest number of functions a: The lowest number of functions k: Order The next search is to determine the weight value of the facility based on the total centrality value (set at 100) divided by the number of functions of each column. The centrality index formula is: C=t/T Where: C: The weight of the facility t : Centralis Reverb value (100) T: The total number of facilities Indeks Sentralitas (IS=∑C).

Locations quotients and dynamic locations quotient analysis
Locations Quotients and Dynamic Locations Quotient Analysis Locations Quotient (LQ) is a simple indicator that shows the strength or size of the role of a sector in an area compared to the area above it (Monica, 2020). The criteria for calculating LQ are a sector with a value of LQ ≤ 1, defined as a non-basic commodity, which means that the level of spatialization of agricultural commodities at the District level is smaller than the Regency level with the same commodity. Meanwhile, a sector with a value of LQ ≥ 1, is defined as a commodity base where the commodity level at the district level is greater than the regency level with the same commodity. The way to calculate Locations Quotient Analysis is formulated in the equation (Dhora et al., 2022): The formula for calculating Location Quotient Analysis is: (3) Where: pi = Production of Commodity 'i' at the District Level pt = Total District Commodity "i" Production Pi = Production of Commodity 'i' at the Regency Level Pt = Total Production of Commodity 'i' at Regency Level The concept of Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ) analysis is as follows: DLQ ≥ 1 indicates that the development of commodity "i" is faster than the same sector in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. Conversely, DLQ ≤ 1 means the development of commodity "i" is slower than the same sector in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency.
The formula for calculating Dynamic Location Quotient is: (4) Where: DLQ = Dynamic Location Quotient gik = Growth rate of commodity 'i' at the district level gk = Average commodity growth rate at sub-district level Gi = Growth rate of commodity growth 'i' at the Regency level G = Average growth rate of commodity 'i' at regency level t = Number of years to be analyzed

Regional interaction analysis
Based on the gravity model analysis results, a higher number indicates a stronger interaction between the growth center sub-district and the surrounding sub-districts. This implies a stronger relationship between the two regions and greater support for the surrounding areas (Lahuddin, 2020). Gravity

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The center of growth for Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency Table 1 displays the district hierarchy based on the scalogram and centrality index analysis for each Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency sub-district. The sub-districts are categorized into hierarchies, ranging from I to V, based on their centrality index and the number of facility units and types. The higher the hierarchy, the more developed and better equipped the sub-district is in terms of facilities and services. Based on the results of the Scalogram and Centrality Index analysis, three subdistricts are identified as growth centers: 1. Tungkal Ilir is considered the primary growth center and administrative hub of Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. This sub-district is categorized as a growth center due to its numerous facility units and various facilities. Hierarchy one represents a region in a favorable situation (Arkedani & Shakor, 2022), capable of stimulating rapid regional/regency economic growth and promoting a more equitable distribution of income (Osiobe, 2019). 2. Tebing Tinggi District and Merlung District are identified as secondary growth centers, corresponding to the third hierarchy. This aligns with research conducted by Jacob and Hasan (2016), which found that almost all of the nine sub-districts studied were in the third hierarchy. The third hierarchy describes an area with a low level of development and a relative scarcity of service facilities, situated far from the sub-districts activity center (Anwar et al., 2022). 3. The fourth hierarchy includes Tungkal Ulu, Batang Asam, and Muara Papalik, while the fifth hierarchy comprises Senyerang, Pengabuan, Seberang Kota, Bram Itam, Kuala Betara, and Renah Mendaluh. Hierarchies IV and V represent areas with insufficient facilities that cannot function as growth centers (Suryandari et al., 2020).

Current and future agricultural base commodities
The provided information highlights that the economic potential of Tanjung Jabung Barat district can be analyzed using the Location Quotient (LQ) analysis to identify the basic agricultural commodities in each sub-district. These basic commodities contribute significantly to the region's GRDP and help drive regional development. The agricultural commodity production approach encompasses four main areas: commodity crops, fisheries, livestock, and plantations. Manaraja et al. (2023) state that the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector is considered the base sector when it has an LQ value greater than 1. Sub-sectors like horticultural crops, plantations, and agricultural and hunting services are also base sectors.
By examining the Location Quotient analysis, policymakers and stakeholders can better understand the economic potential of each sub-district in Tanjung Jabung Barat district, focusing on the development of these base sectors. This approach can lead to more balanced and equitable growth in the region while promoting its agricultural commodities, which are vital in meeting the region's needs and generating exports. Table 2 presents the basic agricultural commodities in each Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency sub-district based on the Location Quotient (LQ) analysis. These commodities, which have an LQ value greater than 1, significantly drive the region's GRDP. By identifying the basic commodities in each sub-district, policymakers and stakeholders can better understand the economic potential and capitalize on the strengths of each subdistrict, leading to more balanced and equitable growth. Furthermore, basic commodities at present may not necessarily become basic commodities in the future, and commodities that are not basic at present may become basic commodities in the future (Hidayah et al., 2023). Table 3. presents future basic commodities in each Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency sub-district. The ratio of each agricultural commodity to the growth rate of each agricultural commodity for each subdistrict in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency is compared to the growth rate of agricultural commodities in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. The higher the DLQ index, the more basic and prospective the commodity will be for further development in the future for efforts to develop the regional economy and fulfill market demand.

Renah Mendaluh
peanuts, lowland rice, land rice, corn, soybeans, cassava, sweet potatoes, common fisheries, rubber, coffee, deep coconut, oil palm, areca nut, cocoa, beef cattle, buffalo, goats, pigs, native chickens, boiler chickens, and ducks. Table 3 shows the prospective future basic commodities in each Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency sub-district. These future basic commodities are based on the ratio of each agricultural commodity's growth rate to the growth rate of agricultural commodities in the region. The higher the DLQ index, the more basic and prospective a commodity is for further development in the future. Developing these commodities is essential for boosting the regional economy and fulfilling market demand.
Regional stakeholders and policymakers can more effectively plan for agricultural development, allocate resources, and support infrastructure in the respective subdistricts by identifying future basic commodities. This strategic approach ensures that each sub-district can meet the growing market demand and contribute to the overall economic growth of Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency (World Bank, 2007).
Understanding the current and future basic agricultural commodities in each subdistrict is crucial for driving regional development, meeting market demand, and promoting equitable growth across Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. Access to this information enables policymakers and stakeholders to make informed decisions about resource allocation, infrastructure development, and targeted support for these essential commodities (Porter, 2008).

Regional interaction
Each growth center district has supporting areas (Juardi & Bimontoro, 2022). Tungkal Ilir, as the primary growth center, has hinterland areas including Sebrang Kota, Kuala Betara, Betara, and Pengabuan. This is evident from the interaction values: Pengabuan District has an interaction value of 834,134.1; Sebrang Kota District has an interaction value of 9,656.6; Kuala Betara District has an interaction value of 92,383.92095; and Betara District has an interaction value of 1,377,086.542.
Tebing Tinggi District, as a secondary growth center, has hinterland areas such as Senyerang, Muara Papalik, and Bram Itam Districts. The interaction values for these districts are as follows: 344,061.7831 in Senyerang District;110,062.1 in Muara Papalik District;6,841,165 in Bram Itam District;and 684,116.526 in Senyerang District. Merlung Subdistrict, as a secondary growth center, has hinterland areas, including Renah Mendaluh, Tungkal Ulu, and Batang Asam Subdistricts. The interaction values for these subdistricts are as follows: 395,502.6015 in Renah Mendaluh;638,795.82 in Tungkal Ulu District;and 200,807.75 in Batang Asam District.
The analysis of growth center districts and their supporting areas reveals patterns of regional interactions and dependencies (Isard et al., 2017). The interaction values provide insights into the relative importance of these districts and subdistricts and the strength of their connections.
Firstly, the high interaction value of Betara District in relation to the primary growth center, Tungkal Ilir, suggests a strong relationship and dependency between these two areas. This may be due to essential resources, infrastructure, or economic activities that benefit both regions. Policymakers should recognize the significance of this relationship and consider strengthening it by investing in transportation networks and supporting industries to enhance regional development further (Barca et al., 2012).
Secondly, the interaction values for the secondary growth center districts of Tebing Tinggi and Merlung and their respective hinterland areas are relatively lower than the primary growth center (Huggins & Thompson, 2015). This indicates that while these districts still have significant connections with their surrounding areas, the level of interdependence may not be as strong as the primary growth center. To promote balanced regional development, policymakers should focus on nurturing these secondary growth centers, for instance, by encouraging the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and improving access to resources and services (Pike et al., 2017).
Lastly, it is essential to recognize the variation in interaction values among the districts and subdistricts, which might be attributed to geographical conditions, resource availability, and socio-economic factors (Isard et al., 2017). Understanding these disparities can help local governments design targeted interventions to address specific challenges and promote sustainable development in each area. Regular monitoring and evaluation of these interaction values can further inform policymakers on the effectiveness of their interventions and guide future policy decisions (Huggins & Thompson, 2015).

Conclusion
From the research, several key points can be concluded as follows: 1). The hierarchy of growth centers in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency consists of Tungkal Ilir as the primary growth center, along with Tebing Tinggi and Merlung as secondary growth centers. These growth centers are crucial in supporting regional economic development; 2). Various basic agricultural commodities have been identified for each sub-district, and these commodities have the potential to support economic growth and fulfill market demand in the future; 3). The interactions between growth centers and their hinterland areas show strong economic connections and potential for further development.

Recommendation
Based on the research results, the following two recommendations can be made: 1) Allocate adequate resources and infrastructure support for growth centers and their hinterland areas to maximize regional economic growth; 2) Enhance collaboration between governments, the private sector, and local communities to promote sustainable and inclusive development throughout Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency.
To elaborate on the first recommendation, the government must invest in infrastructure projects, such as transportation networks, utilities, and communication systems, connecting growth centers with their hinterland areas. This will facilitate easier movement of goods, services, and people and attract new businesses and investments to the region. Moreover, providing resources such as education, training programs, and financial support will empower local communities and enable them to participate more actively in the regional economy.
Regarding the second recommendation, fostering a strong partnership among various stakeholders, including the government, private sector, and local communities, is essential for achieving sustainable and inclusive development. This collaboration can be achieved through regular consultations, joint planning, and the establishment of public-private partnerships to implement development projects. By ensuring that all stakeholders are actively involved in the decision-making process and share a common vision, the development initiatives in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency will be better aligned with the needs and aspirations of the local population. Consequently, this will contribute to improving the overall quality of life, economic opportunities, and social equity across the region.
This study has limitations, particularly in relation to its focus on basic agricultural commodities, which may not encompass other sectors contributing to regional economic growth. Therefore, for future research, it is recommended to: 1). Conduct more comprehensive research that includes other economic sectors in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency to gain a complete picture of regional economic growth; 2). Investigate the impact of climate change and other environmental factors on basic agricultural commodities and economic growth potential in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency.
Additionally, it is essential to recognize the potential limitations in data availability and accuracy, as these factors may influence the research findings. To overcome this challenge, future studies should consider utilizing multiple data sources, conducting field research, and employing advanced analytical techniques to ensure the reliability and validity of the results. Moreover, exploring the socio-political dynamics affecting regional development can provide valuable insights into the various factors influencing growth centers and agricultural commodities. By addressing these limitations and expanding the scope of research, a more holistic understanding of the regional economic landscape can be achieved, thereby informing more effective policymaking and development strategies in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency.